Welfare state and globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government assistance state and globalization - Research Paper Example These customary techniques for social association have now been disassembled by industrialization, which has put workers’ government assistance in danger. Under this model, it is likewise expected that the legislature has more assets in light of the expanded riches welcomed on by industrialization forms, so the administration can successfully play out the job of protecting its citizens’ government assistance. For a bigger scope, government assistance frameworks might be viewed as a need of the transparency of monetary frameworks, which open specialists to outer stuns in this way making governments shield them from these stuns (Huber and Stephens 2). On the other hand, one may see government assistance states as an impression of state capacities; a few countries embrace extensive and widely inclusive government assistance programs while others don't. These distinctions emerge from the degree of intensity scattering in those nations just as their abilities. Other than industrialism and state limit, government assistance frameworks can likewise be viewed as appearances of political or class battles. In this way of thinking, state strategy is controlled by the need to keep up a perceived leverage among business people and communists. It is assumed that communists for the most part involve left wing party supporters and work associations; then again, industrialists comprise of conservative lawmakers just as the administration place. In certain examples, left wing legislative issues rules governmental issues accordingly putting traditional backers on the opposite finish of the range. In this hypothetical school, a steady battle exists between these two gatherings in the dissemination of intensity. Business people need to extricate as much yield as possible from capital and work while common society needs to protect society’s interests; as a general rule, these two substances conflict, and a government assistance framework won when the left outflanks the right. Subsequent to looking at how a government assistance framework comes to fruition, it

Animal Experiments Ethics Controversy Essay

Investigation In present-day society, creature tests are assuming an undeniably key job in our lives, and it is progressing at an astounding rate. Its exploration results have totally transformed us. Be that as it may, meanwhile, the creature tests morals contention has started a lot of discussion. Numerous individuals imagine that for the endurance and improvement of people, creature tests are essential. While a few people contend that life of creatures and people are similarly significant, they are against any type of creature tests. In this paper, I will investigate two normal feelings with respect to this issue. Persuading contentions can be said that creature tests are usually utilized in clinical research. In concentrates on examination and counteraction, human maladies assume a colossal job. To begin with the job of medication, utilizing creatures to test new medications could help in understanding the impacts and reactions of new medications. In this manner, individuals don’t must be guineas pigs, and can maintain a strategic distance from the perils of being these guineas pigs. In addition, creature tries in cloning human organs likewise have another achievement. For example, individuals found that goats embedded with human undifferentiated organisms have blood and organs like DNA of people. In particular, the principle utilization of it is supporting human organs in animals’ bodies. One day when individuals are harmed or debilitated, they will have the option to legitimately supplant organs. All the more significantly, through creature tests, we can investigate the secrets of human lives. As such, controlling the human sicknesses and maturing, expanding the lives of people could be acknowledged by creature tests. Thus, a few insights show that biomedical research ventures with over 60% need to lead creature tests. There are numerous point investigates of creature analyzes that are troublesome. Following quite a while of research, creature tests have spared innumerable lives, and it will keep on sparing more lives. Convincing contentions can be made that creature tests assume a basic significant job in numerous different fields of science. In any case, national barrier and military science clearly depend on creature tests. As we probably am aware, the main animal into space was not human, rather it was a canine. Individuals did a great deal of tests with the canine in space, and therefore increased a ton of information. Sensors were utilized to screen her pulse, circulatory strain, and other real capacities to more readily see any physical changes that may happen in space. In the subsequent spot, farming science, utilizing animal examinations is significant and important. In this manner substance manures, pesticide buildup testing, and nature of food, is in the long run decided through the employments of creature tests. To wrap things up, in the region of light industry, people’s day by day necessities, particularly, the impacts of concoction items are probed creatures to test for hurtful fixings. For example, before food added substances, hide items, beautifying agents, etc, organizations were required to lead creature trials to demonstrate they were not damage to the human body. With the improvement of times, an ever increasing number of fields need creature tests. Possibly individuals haven’t saw, yet it has become a basic piece of people’s day by day lives. It might be enticing to contend that creature tests are not reasonable. The principle explanation behind this is individuals think creatures and people have a similar fundamental endurance needs, and elevated levels of mental needs. Clearly, creatures and people have similar rights to live on the planet. We have to regard creatures, regard lives. Another explanation is a few people feel that creature tests are excessively pitiless. For instance, Draize eye disturbance test is utilized to gauge the invigorating degree to natural eyes of specific items. Rabbit’s are constantly used to do this sort of test, since they don’t have tears. Individuals lock up these bunnies, open their eyes, and drop in the test substances. So as to get the best outcomes, individuals will be compelled to close their eyes. Besides, after the trials, all the hares will be executed, regardless of whether they are sound or not. All things considered, we ought not do this so as to spare creatures lives rather we should forfeit people’s lives. We can’t imprint creature tests, since it has a few deficiencies. I accept that before we locate a feasible other option, most of individuals would in any case bolster creature tests. In outline, I would surrender that we ought to ensure animals’ rights and government assistance, attempt to diminish or stop creature tests. In spite of that in the current degree of innovation, the presence of creature tests for the improvement of people is fundamental. By and large, I am persuaded that we should utilize the best possible exploratory plan, and information investigation techniques to lessen the utilization of test testing on creatures in the current conditions, and search for new options effectively.

Seminole War

Seminole War Seminole War, in U.S. history, armed conflict between the U.S. government and the Seminoles. In 1832 the U.S. government signed a treaty with the Seminoles, who lived in Florida, providing for their removal to Oklahoma in 1835 in exchange for a small sum of money. However, opposition to the treaty soon appeared among the Seminoles; under the leadership of the young chief, Osceola , the Seminoles organized small raiding parties that attacked the American troops. The U.S. army was rendered helpless by the raiding tactics of the Native Americans and suffered heavy casualties. Although Osceola was captured in 1837 and died in prison a few months later, resistance continued. When Gen. William J. Worth became (1841) commander of U.S. forces, a new strategy was adopted. The Seminoles' crops were systematically burned and their villages destroyed. As winter approached and starvation was imminent, the Seminoles surrendered. A peace treaty was signed in 1842 and the Seminoles were removed we stward. The war resulted in 1,500 U.S. soldiers killed, and cost more than $20 million. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

My Heros Journey - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1936 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: My Hero Essay Did you like this example? It all started on November 6, 2010. It was my seventh birthday party. I was having an animal themed party. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Heros Journey" essay for you Create order My friends and I had just done presents and were about to go have dessert. For dessert, my mom made two different cakes. One was a chocolate black cat, and the other was a yellow cocker spaniel cake. Right before we went in the kitchen for the cake though, my dad exclaimed that he had to go outside and quickly grab one last gift. Suddenly, my dad opened the front door and walked in carrying the sweetest little cocker spaniel. I was overwhelmed with feelings of thrill, excitement, and amazement! It was a complete surprise to receive a dog for my birthday! The cocker spaniel was pre-owned, and was seven years old too! We decided that his birthday would be celebrated on mine from now on. He was named Chip from his previous owners, and I was as in love with him! Anatole France said, â€Å"Until one has loved an animal a part of one’s soul remains unawakened.† (â€Å"A quote by Anatole France† Goodreads. ) To me, this is complete truth! Whenever we took him to the doctors for check-ups, the doctors would be stunned by his health! Almost everytime we picked him up, the doctors would declare, â€Å"he is the healthiest cocker spaniel we have ever seen of his age!† Not only was my dog known for his exceptionally good health, he was also the most fantastically behaved dog I had ever met! He only ever barked in the first few years we owned him when someone would ring the doorbell, but after a few years that weared off. He never bit anyone! He would constantly be pinched, hugged, and teased by my younger sister in the first few years we had him, but he never showed any form of rudeness towards her! He just let her do what she wanted and had such outstanding patience and love for her. He was playfull when he wanted to be, but no one would ever consider him a rowdy dog! Through the years, he kept up this angelic act and never lost it! In conclusion, he was almost as close to perfect as could be! Flash forward about 7 years. Chip and I are now 14 years old. Chip is still extremely healthy, but is very old now. He is losing hearing and has very little energy. It was Christmas break, and my family left to DisneyLand for a family vacation. While we were gone, we left Chip at a pet hotel. DisneyLand was a dream as expected, and we took very little thought on Chip while we were gone, trusting that he was in good care. He must have felt like Odysseus’ men when they were held captive by Circe in her dungeon, or perhaps like Odysseus himself when he was held captive by the Cyclops along with many others. In the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus expresses how much he misses his home when he says, â€Å"each day I long for home, long for the sight of home†¦.† (Elements of Literature, pg. 654) Chip had no way to escape, all he could do was wait for the day when we come to bring him home once again. When we returned from DisneyLand, it was late on a Saturday night, but we cou ldn’t pick him up until Monday, because of store hours and policy. When we picked him up, he was limping and had a little bit drool hanging from his mouth. This was shocking for us, because he never had health problems and never drooled. We kind of just shook it off at first though and figured that it was just a phase that would end soon. It didn’t end though. He continued to limp and his drool got worse. We attempted to wipe his drool, but whenever we did, he would wince. He began to starve because of the pain he felt in his mouth. His food was too hard to chew, and so he wouldn’t eat due to the pain he would feel from attempting to chew his food. Seeing that this was not normal, we decided to take him to some pet doctors to determine what was wrong and what we needed to do to help him. The doctors told us that he had a disease that basically meant he was allergic to his gums. They removed about 6-10 teeth, and prescribed him with an antibiotic to fight off the infection. They told us to give him watered down canned food, because it would be easier for him to chew. The doctors also informed us that the fact that he was limping had no connection whatsoever to the disease, which means he was probably injured at the pet hotel, and the limping should end soon. We couldn’t believe this and we vowed never to take our pet to that pet hotel again! When his limping ended, he eventually was able to run and go up staircases again. While he was on his antibiotics, his drooling stopped almost completely! It seemed like there was hope at last! But once we ran out of his prescription, the drooling came back, and was even worse! â€Å"Seeing someone you love in pain is the most frustrating feeling.† ( Tacoma. Whisper. ) Not only was he drooling, but he was drooling bl ood! He stopped eating again and was losing weight rapidly. Due to the lack of fat on his body, he was always cold and would shiver and shake. He began to have bowel issues as well. Even his personality was noticeably different! Often times he could be found isolating himself from the family. When we were in the living room, he would go to my sisters room and just lay on her bed. When we were in the kitchen, he would mope in the piano room. He wouldn’t run like he used to. His hearing was worsening by the days. He was growing white and anyone would agree that he was going overhill. We bought him more prescription, pulled more teeth, and the results just repeated. He was fine while on the antibiotics, but once off he was back to his miserable life. My parents took him from one pet specialist to the next, looking for answers to this giant issue that had spiralled out of control. The doctors and my parents came to the conclusion that he would either live the rest of his life (which wouldn’t be too long anyway, seeing that he was 14) in pain and on antibiotics, or that we put him down and thus end his pain. When my parents shared the news with me, I was devastated. I felt similar to how Penelope must’ve felt when her husband was gone for a decade and wondered if he had died, but tried to have hope that he didn’t. The only difference was, I had no hope. I knew that my dog’s life was coming to an end and there was nothing I could do to stop that. â€Å"You have to accept that some chapters in our lives have to close without closure. There’s no point in losing yourself by trying to fix what’s meant to stay broken.† (â€Å"Quotes About Losing Hope† QUOTES HOPE. ) I realized that I had very little pictures of Chip and that if I was going to remember him properly, I needed some pictures of and with him. It was a struggle trying to take pictures with and of him though. First of all, he was never very photogenic and never liked us to take pictures of him. On top of that, he was gravely ill, had permanent blood and drool staining his muzzle, and looked just depressing. Nonetheless, we still took pictures. We took him outside late one night and Lucy (my six year old sister), my mother, and I began posing with him. He squirmed and fought as always, so we didn’t actually get desired-looking pictures with him, but I was still glad we did it. We also took some of just him when we went inside. The day finally rolled around that we scheduled to put him down. It was a Monday morning, and I did not want to go to school. I wanted to go with my parents to the pet place to put him down and skip school that day because school sucks and I wanted to spend every last minute with him that I could. My parents wouldn’t allow me to though. They told me that it would be a lot easier on me if I didn’t see him go and if it happened while I was at school. Because mother knows best, I reluctantly went to school that day. When I got home, my mother found my sisters and I, and asked if she could talk with us in the bathroom. She told us that Chip was officially put down, and that’s when we lost it. I felt as Romeo did when Juliet died. â€Å"Death lies on her like an untimely frost upon the sweetest flower of all the field.† (â€Å"Romeo and Juliet Act 4, Scene 5 Quotes Page 1. Shmoop.) Eliza (my 11 year old sister), Lucy, my mom, and I stood there hugging each other and bawling for probably an hour. My mother didn’t want us to become depressed though, and so she somehow changed the subject. Only after about thirty seconds, Lucy was cheerful once again, unlike Eliza and I. Chip was closer to our hearts than probably anyone else’s in our family, and we lost him. He was gone. We were able to stop the tears for a few hours though, and bleakly carried on. It was hard getting over the loss of our pet. My mother knew this, and she did all she could to lessen the pain we felt. She ordered all three girls cocker spaniel stuffed animals and an ornament with chip’s actual footprint on it. She also gave just me a little statue of an angel hugging a puppy that resembled Chip and said something like, â€Å"Chip, you left paw prints in our heart.† The gifts meant so much to me and I put the decorations on my dresser, and the stuffed animal on my bed in memory of him. I tried to keep a positive outlook on what had happened though. Some days were a lot easier than others. My parents conducted a Family Home Evening on resurrection and the afterlife, and it brought a lot more comfort inside of our home. Believe it or not, it didn’t take very long for my sisters to move on afterward. They began asking for a new dog almost daily. I was a faithful as Penelope was to Odysseus, and I was not ready to move on. In Loyalty in the Odyssey, it reads, â€Å"Penelope told the suitors she would marry one of them once she finished the shroud for Laertes, yet the text said, ‘So every day she wove of the great loom-but every night she unwove it; and so for the three years she deceived the Ahkaians.’ (p. 22). The trick she used to distract the suitors shows her loyalty to her husband.† (Curtis, Christen. â€Å"Loyalty in the Odyssey.† Study Guides and Book Summaries.) Therefore, how could I be ready to welcome a new dog into my home a week after the only one I had ever had left? Honestly, how much do you really love your dog if a week after you want a new one?

Hamlet, Sin Or Justified - 892 Words

Revenge in Hamlet, Sin or Justified? What is Revenge? Is it right? Is it worth sinning? Is revenge the right thing to do? There are too many questions to be asked when planning revenge or thinking about revenge and those were the exact questions that were asked in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet that took place in the 1600s. According to Merriam Webster, Revenge is the act of inflicting hurt on someone for an injury or wrong suffered at their hands, and in Hamlet’s case, revenge was mandatory because of a promise he made to his murdered father’s ghost. Even though Hamlet was honoring his father and doing what the ghost of his father told him to do, revenge, in a biblical sense, would have been a sin. However, seeking revenge out of family code of honor gave Hamlet moral justification in breaking the tradition of the Elizabethan Orthodoxy. Thinking about justification and morality in the 21st century is different than back in the 1600s, during the time of this play. The revenge started when Hamlet was talking to the ghost of his father, when the ghost told him that King Claudius was the one that killed him. It started by the ghost telling Hamlet â€Å"So art thou to revenge when though shalt hear† (I.V.1726) which meant that the ghost was expecting hamlet to be ready for revenge after hearing him, The Ghost also told Hamlet that â€Å"Now, Hamlet, hear.’Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forgà ¨d process of my death ranklyShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare906 Words   |  4 PagesImagery is an integral part of literature. The protagonist, Hamlet, his mother Queen Gertrude and her husband King Claudius, along with Hamlet’s love interest Ophelia are all affected by human sin through the evocation of sickness and rot. Sin, the driving force of the play, impacts each character, decaying his or her mind, resulting in the emotional and phy sical demise of each character and the decay of the state of Denmark, which has become â€Å"rotten† after Claudius poisons his own brother and wedsRead MoreThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare1482 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider Death and Sin in Shakespearean drama and I would like to look at three of Shakespeares tragic plays: Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. Shakespeare uses many themes in all his play that attract audiences throughout history. The things he wrote about are as relevant now as they were in his time. Death and Sin were issues that are always around. In his plays, Shakespeare could comment on these things and make audiences see things that they could not before. In Hamlet, we can see clearRead MorePersonalities of Hamlet in William Shakespeare ´s Play by the Same Name599 Words   |  3 Pagestragedy, Hamlet, William Shakespeare presents Hamlet as one of the most distinguishable characters due his quest to avenge his father’s death. Hamlet Throughout the play, he is given various voices: as an avenger, as a moralist, and as a philosopher. In this essay, I will be explaining these personalities of Hamlet in depth. The voice of Hamlet as an avenger is observed across the play after the ghost of old king Hamlet reveals that Claudius is the individual who murdered him. Hamlet commencesRead MoreMorality And Redemption : An Admirable Treatise On The Nature Of Guilt And Individual Fate1640 Words   |  7 Pagesfortunately, individuals like Shakespeare seek to respond to them through their works. 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The reason for this delay is Hamlet’s tragic flaw – his tendency towards thought and introspection rather than impulse and action. Because of this flaw, Hamlet is unable to ignore the moral aspects of his actions and â€Å"thereby becomes the creature of mere meditation, andRead MoreHamlets Hesitation Essay1128 Words   |à ‚  5 PagesHAMLETS HESITATION In Shakespeares Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Claudius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his fathers death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, Hamlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlets hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. 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The most obvious example of corruption in the play is the murder of king Hamlet by his brother Claudius followed shortly after the incestuous marriage of Gertrude and Claudius, a marriage that robs Hamlet of his throne. The next example is Hamlets vow with the

Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders Free Essays

Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Underlying Normal Traits within Abnormal Personality Disorders Student University April 11, 2010 Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these personality characteristics, and it determined that there were everal models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical definition of abnormal personality. Researchers used either the Big Four, Big Five or other models to describe what an abnormal personality consisted of and how it related to a normal personality as studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchers measured personality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor differences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noted. Later, the definition of personality dysfunctions included life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was able to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A person’s maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the personality was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal personality. Today, treatment options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic herapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic patients suffering from abnormal personality traits. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category systems of personality isorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are â€Å"essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness† (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies show a relationship examining the actors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established that the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A tr aits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested â€Å"an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics† (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four structure was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models. These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that â€Å"two higher order traits—Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality—are included in both models† (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a â€Å"Big Four† theory which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five heory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy â€Å"that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that â€Å"abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation† (O’Connor Doyce , 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when eviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality disorders (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By defining the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be tilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common Ru nning Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta- analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by O’Connor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The O’Connor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to etermine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). O’Connor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities â€Å"both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern† (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as: p aranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is he way that professional clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the â€Å"qualitative distinction between the two† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. O’Connor asked whether the distinction can be made using former Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model being that there was â€Å"no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder. In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others disordered personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed. Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often â€Å"it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is necessarily pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley Jang, p. 262). That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS distress (Livesley Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder? Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of â€Å"normal† personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger Trull, 1991; Widiger Sankis, 2000). The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they â€Å"would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even â€Å"normal† people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive. In this way, the researchers determined Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS that the â€Å"definition of personality disorder needs to incorporate features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be â€Å"a system of interrelated structures and processes† (Costa McCrae, 1994; Mischel, 1999; Vernon, 1964) which included a person’ dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered â€Å"harmful dysfunctions,† (Wakefield, 1992; Livesley Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a person’s personality system (Livesley Jang, p. 263) Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a person’s personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her â€Å"self, and life situations, and the strategies used to achieve personal tasks† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it. It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture. This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the person’s mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that ould a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly e xtreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be â€Å"street smart† and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis. Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of â€Å"evolutionary significance† nd featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a person’s identity was developed and they included: the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies; development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness; and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions hat were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a person’s life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted â€Å"harmful dysfunction† and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures â€Å"should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and hey should be due to extreme personality variation rather than another pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 264 ). Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an â€Å"evolutionary sense† which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley Jang, p. 264). This was xplained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of ever y individual, whether the person had an abnormal ersonality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by â€Å"persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally† (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that â€Å"we do not necessarily need to know everything about someone’s personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered† (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists iew these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says â€Å"personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid† (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PE RSONALITY DISORDERS personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality. The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered â€Å"quite inappropriate in such a complicated field† (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical efinition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the â€Å"bad guy. † Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within heir abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The People’s Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure f the patient’s personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did â€Å"draw on the same five underlying personality traits† (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the person’s habits and personal attitudes were all measured o find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were â€Å"modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people† (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to e treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a full and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, sychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman Fonagy, 1 999). Bateman Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with â€Å"An improvement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months† (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the herapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with â€Å"chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have affe ctive and personality disorders† (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs were considered effective for patients with long-term nonschizophrenic disorders. The Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS atients noted significant improvement in â€Å"four of the five areas studied—interpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteem—as well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM—III). Washington, DC: APA. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://ajp. sychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/156/10/1563? ijkey=bb19a5d11 6af525fe927da3b0a0c0250f3d61de3 Costa, P. T. , McCrae, R. R. (1994). Can personality change? In T. F. Heatherton, J. L. Weinberger (Eds. ), Can personality change? (pp. 21–40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Linehan, M. M. (1992) Cognitive Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. Livesley, W. John Jang, Kerry L.. (2005). Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality, European Journal of Personality, 19(4), 257-268. Markon, K. E, Krueger, R. F. , Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and bnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139–157. EBSCO Database: Academic Search Premier. McCrae, Robert R. , Jian, Yang, et al. (2001). Personality Profiles and the Prediction of Categorical Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 155-174. Mischel, W. (1999). Personality coherence and dispositions in a Cognitive œAffective Personality System (CAPS) approach. In D. Cervone, Y. Shoda (Eds. ), The coherence of personality (pp. 37–60). New York: Guilford. O’Connor B. P. (2002). The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and bnormality: A statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83(4), 962–982. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12374447 O’Connor B. P. Dyce J. A. (2001) Rigid and extreme: A geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1119–1130. PubMed Database. Piper, W. E. , Rosie, J. S. , Azim, H. F. A, Joyce A. S. (1993). A randomized trial of psychiatric day treatment for patients with affective and personality disorders. Hosp Community Psychiatry, 44, 757–763. Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman (Eds. ), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 3–33). San Diego, CA: Academic. Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443–458. Tyrer, Peter. (2001). Personality disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 81-84. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://bjp. rcpsych. org/cgi/content/full/179/1/81 Watson, David, Clark, Lee Anna, Chmielewski, Michael. (2008). Structures of Personality and Their Relevance to Psychopathology: II. Further Articulation of a Comprehensive Unified Trait Structure. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1545-1586. EBSCO Database: Academic Search Premier. Vernon, P. E. (1964). Personality assessment: A critical survey. London: Methuen. Wakefield, J. C. (1992). Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R’s definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232–247. Widiger, T. A. , Sankis, L. M. (2000). Adult psychopathology: Issues and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 377–404. Widiger, T. A. , Trull, T. J. (1991). Diagnosis and clinical assessment. Annual Review of How to cite Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders, Papers

Development of the Electric Vehicles

Question: Discuss about the Development of the Electric Vehicles. Answer: Introduction Over the long period of time the huge use of fuel results in major environmental issues such as global warming,air pollution and energy crisis. Thus, alternatively driven vehicles manufacturing provide an alternative platform for the individuals that helps in creating sustainability within the environmentand reduces the impact of climate change. Hence electric vehicle is most preferable among the alternatively driven vehicles.The big revolution in mass producing of electric vehicle came with the grace of general motor ev1 in 1961.That period of time electric vehicle were available to the resident of Los Angeles,California,Arizona throughlease contracts only(Bi, De Kleine, Keoleian, 2016). Electric vehicles are very desirable due to its economical and environmental issues. The fluctuation throughout all over the world in currency has led electric vehicle a big platform to explore reducing the import of fuel. Over the years research in battery technology lithium ion battery is more acc eptable in new model electric vehicles. History of electric cars First electric vehicle was developed in the year 1834 by Thomas Davenport.A big innovation in battery technology during the period 1890 to 1910 has led electric vehicle more expansion in the market. It is a golden era of electric vehicle and the given example carries this.IN 1900 cars made in US: 1681 Steam cars, 1575 Electric cars, 936 Gasoline cars (Goldberg et.al. 1983). The adaptability among people of electric vehicles is due to zero noise,emission and being easier to drive rather than combustion engine cars. One of the top selling electric vehiclesgo as 15 mph and as far as 40 miles on a single charge. The big drawback of electric vehicleare nonfunctional in non electrified ruralarea, such as low acceleration speed and short driving range. Electric vehicle pick time was in the early 1900, whereas its downfall also began after 1920.Thus the golden era of electric vehicle became very short(Conte, Genovese, Ortenzi, Vellucci, 2014). After 1920 the vehicle market dominated by the i nternal combustion engines (ICG) over the electric vehicles. From the late 60s and through 80s various environmental issues and the crisis of fuel provide a second wave of electric vehicles. The awareness of the negative factors due to the combustion engines related to the both economical and environmental factors has led a re- emergence of electric vehicles. In 2009 Barak Obama Government allotted $2.4 billion as a grant for researching to better technology in batteries and further providing a $7500 tax benefit for the first 200000 electric vehicles buyers (Keating, 1979). China government also takes some ambitious plans to become the leader in production and utilization around the world. In this prospect they offer subsidies up to $8800 to taxi drivers and local government agencies for buying electric vehicle and also ordered to the power grid to set up electric car charging stations in Beijing, Shanghai etc. Analysis of electric motor cars The analysis of the development of the electric vehicles is based on their comparison with the other types of cars such as the hybrid cars and the ICE cars, on the various factors such as the depreciations costs, costs related to the consumption of fuel, repairing and maintenance costs and kilometer tax. In this research study the sensitivity analysis is done on the basis of the findings from the various literatures and by conducting some random interview with the industry experts. The main intent behind performing the sensitivity analysis was to analyze the overall cost per kilometer with respect to the depreciation costs, repairing and the maintenance costs and the costs of the wheels and the fuels(Del Duce, Gauch, Althaus, 2014). The costs of the insurance, costs of the AA petrol and the costs related to the cleaning of the vehicle is considered to be stable costs. It is not possible to predict the development costs of the car taxes but as per the European Policy the development o f the taxes generally depends upon the emission of the car. As per the fuel costs the research found out that the bottom prices of the oil will be around 1.40 per litre of gasoline which is the average costs of the fuel in the year 2007. This would result in the kilometer price of 0.35. Though there are not much information that is available about the rates that are related to the H2, but as per the various research studies the current price of the hydrogen fuel will be about 0.44 and there are chances that these prices will be reduced to 0.056kWh if the hydrogen gas is produced in a decentralized manner by reforming the natural gas (Diao, Sun, Yuan, Li, Zheng, 2016). On conducting the research related to the development of the electricity prices, it was found that there is large variation which ranges from 0.22 kWh to 0.37kWh by the year 2030. It is difficult to estimate the development costs of the electric vehicles and the hydrogen vehicles as they are not manufactured in ver y large scale and hence no proper estimation could be made about their future production numbers.Thus, this report takes into consideration that the large scale production of the electric vehicles will start by the year 2020 and the production of the hydrogen vehicles will take place on a large scale by the year 2030. When the electric vehicles and the hydrogen vehicles will be produced on a large scale then they will converge to the price of the internal combustion engine cars. Since the batteries and the fuel cell in the electric cars and the hydrogen cars are very costly and the drive chain of the hydrogen cars is very complex thus, it can be said the costs of the hydrogen cars and the electric vehicles will be more than that of the internal combustion engines(Hellgren, 2007). Thus when the electric vehicles and the hydrogen cars are manufactured on a large scale it is estimated that the average cost of the electric vehicle per kilometer will reach around 0.34 and the per kilomet er of the hydrogen cars will reach around 0.35 by the year 2030. On doing a comparison of the drive train mechanism of the ICE, Hydrogen and the electric cars, it can be said that the possibility of wearing out in the drive train mechanism of the electric vehicle is very less as compared to the hydrogen cars and the internal combustion engine cars, as there are less moving components in the drive train mechanism of the electric vehicle. Hence it can be estimated that the maintenance of the electric vehicle will cost less when compared to the ICE cars and the cars running on hydrogen fuel. Design and technologies There is huge potential in the development of the energy, economic and the environment security of the country through the development of the electric vehicles especially the plug in electric cars, which will completely revolutionize the transportation system in the world in the coming years(Hellgren, 2007). The plugs in electric vehicle are those electric cars which generally have lithium ion batteries that can be recharged from an external electrical source like the wall sockets and the electricity which are stored in the rechargeable battery drives. The electric car generally uses the energy stored in the batteries to drive the propulsion system of the vehicle. In respect to the ICE cars the motors of the electric cars provide a clean and safe alternative. The electric vehicle generally uses the lithium ion batteries to drive the propulsion system of the vehicle. The main reason behind the use of the lithium ion battery is that it has high energy density and have longer span of li fe. Also the lithium ion batteries generally have the higher power densities with respect to the other batteries that are available. But there are high chances of the thermal breakdown and the high cost that are associated with the lithium ion batteries, thus these batteries have to be used in safe rage of temperatures and the voltage in order so that the vehicle can be operated efficiently and safely(Helmers, Dietz, Hartard, 2015).Generally in the electric the 3 phase AC motor is used. The DC current generated from the lithium ion batteries is sent to the DC/SC inverter, which convert the DC current into the alternating current. The regenerative braking system is generally used in the modern electric cars where the motors can be utilized as brakes which in turn become generators that transform the motion of the vehicle into electrical energy that can be utilized to charge up the batteries of the car(Helmers, Dietz, Hartard, 2015).In order to increase the efficiency of the electric vehicles it is important that the mass of the vehicle, aerodynamic resistance and the resistance due to rolling is minimized. On the other hand it is also important to maximize the efficiency of the engine motor and the transmission system. Thus, in order to reduce the cost that are associated with the expensive batteries used in the electric vehicles the efficiency of the other systems in the vehicle has to be increased. Materials and manufacturing methods The skeleton also called the space frame of the electrical car is generally made up of the aluminum so that it is strong and has light weight. Instead of steel the wheels of the electric cars are also made up of aluminum, so that the weight of the vehicle can be reduced. Magnesium is used for making the seat frames and the steering wheel. The impact resistant plastics are used to make the body of the electric vehicle. The impact resistant composite plastic that is used in the manufacturing of the body frame can be recycled. Plastic housings are used for placing the batteries in the electric vehicle. The manufacturing process of the electric vehicle gives due importance to both the design of the vehicle and the process to be utilized. The design of the vehicle generally includes handcrafting and high-tech systems (Jeong Oh, 2002). In general practices the bodies of the electric cars are handcrafted in the six different working stations. In the first step the parts of the aluminum fram e are put together as subassemblies which are either glued to each other or are welded together. After both the upper-body and down-body subassemblies are put together, the complete frame is cured in a two-stage oven. Then the roof is attached and the protective sealants are applied to the complete frame. In the assembly section the complex electronic systems are inserted into the frame of the car. It includes wiring of the body and the setting up of the power electronics bay which have the propulsion control module, integrated drive unit and a small radiator. Then in the next stage the interior of the car is outfitted, like the flooring, seats, carpeting and the control and the dash are placed in the car.In the third stage the air-conditioning system is put in place. Then the T-shaped battery pack is added to the car (Lu et al., 2016). The batteries are attached to the chassis. After the battery and the propulsion system are put in place the windshield is attached to the car and th e other fluids are added to the car. The door system and the exterior panels are added at this stage and all the systems are checked for any malfunctioning. At the final stage the alignment of the car wheels and checked and the necessary adjustments are made. Suitable specification of electric cars The technical specification of the electric car is that the electric car is generally a two door hatchback which has the seating capacity of four adults. The power of the Ac electric motor is around 19KW which produces 3750rpm and gives a torque of 53.9N-m. The battery that is used in the electric vehicle is the 48V maintenance free lithium ion battery and the steering mechanism used in the vehicle is the electric powered steering. The transmission of the vehicle is fully automatic. The front suspension is the gas filled suspension with the anti roll bar mechanism and the rear suspension is the trail link suspension in which the shock absorber is gas filled along with the coil spring over Damper and the Panhard rod(SuriOnori, 2016). The front breaks are disc break with the dimension of 215 mm x 10 mm Solid and the rear brakes are drum brakes of 180mm. The tubeless tyres will be used in the car. The dimension of the car will be around 3280 mm x 1514 mm x 1560 mm and the wheelbase of t he electric car will about 1960mm. The vehicle will have a ground clearance of 180mm and the turning radius of the vehicle will be about 3.9m. The kerb weight of the vehicle will be about 830Kgs. The Body frame of the car will be of welded tubular space frame structure and the panels and bumpers color impregnated and the dent resistance body panel. The vehicle will have the top speed about 81Km/hre and the complete range of the vehicle in one charge will be about 120Kms under city driving conditions. The car will take about 5 hours to get charge completely. Cost management Electric vehicle cost can be subdivided into two parts. one of them is capital cost and the other is long term cost. Capital cost means the purchase price of the electric vehicle, here the MSRP of the vehicle is used as the base price and the long term cost describes fueling and maintenance of the electric vehicle.For its characteristic technologies, the price of electric vehicle is higher than combustion engines cars(Xiao, Lin, Zheng, Ye, 2012). For an example the MSRP for the combustion 2014 Chevrolet Spark18 is $14,995 while the base price for the Electric Vehicle of the same car is almost double the price, at $26,685.The huge difference in price of electric vehicle due to its 21-kWh Li-ion battery pack. It is hopeful that battery price may reduce over 50% in the upcoming years. A recent report from Navigant Research suggests that prices may drop to $300/kWh by 2015, and $180/kWh by 2020 (Roth, 2004).It is very urgent to reduce the capital cost for more acceptability.Whereas capi tal cost is very high but considering the long term cost is a hopeful light to the electric vehicle. This price difference in long term cost between electric vehicle and combustion engines happens because maintenance cost is fewer than combustion engines as there are a very few parts are moving in electric vehicles than the combustion engines. Maintenance requirements The main advantage of the electric vehicle is that the moving parts in the electric vehicle are very less as compared to the ICE cars.Thus, there will less chances of wearing out cases. The motor of the electric motor generally have just 15-20 moving parts on the contrary the ICE car engines have more than 100 moving parts. Thus, it can be concluded that the motor car is simple and can be easily maintained or replaced. As per the various estimates the cost of the maintenance of the electric vehicle will be just one third to that of the conventional ICE cars. But one of the main area which is needed to be taken into consideration for the maintenance of the electric car is the battery used in the car. With time the power output of the batteries used to drive the motor of the electric car reduces and this can severely affect the range of the electric vehicle. On an average the lithium ion batteries used in the electric cars can run about one lakh thousand miles. But the cost associated with the replacement of the batteries used in electric cars will be very high if there is an increase in the demand of the electric cars then large scale production of the batteries can considerably bring down the cost associated with the batteries of the electric cars. Life cycle cost/process and Recycling process Taking into consideration the total calculated costs that are related to the cot per mile of passenger cars which are run battery and the conventional ICE cars, along with the costs that are associated with the various important parameters than it can be said that the electric cars have very less life cycle cost when compared to the conventional ICE cars. The reason behind this feature is that the battery cost per mile in the electric vehicle is completely balanced lower vehicle cost per mile of the electric vehicle (Marr Walsh, 1992). Another reason can be the lower fuel consumption of the electric cars as compared to the conventional ICE cars and the either very less or no requirement of maintenance of the cars. The recycling of the batteries that are used in the electric vehicle is very much possible. About 96 percent of the materials that are used in the lead acid batteries can be recovered where as only 36% of the materials from the glass bottles is recoverable. The batteries can also be recharged and reused before they are recycled. The lithium ion batteries that are deemed unfit for use in the electric cars still have about 80 percent of their charge left which can be utilized to prop up the grid particularly in case of the sources of energy which are not steady like that of the wind and solar energy sources. Various battery recycling plants have come up in US among which TOXCO is a big player. Popular electric car manufacturer TESLA also sends its batteries to TOXCO for recycling(SuriOnori, 2016). When there are no charges are left in the batteries than the batteries are frozen in the liquid nitrogen which are so cold that the battery could not react and the batteries are then smashed into small pieces. Then the metals are separated out for their reuse. Conclusion and Recommendations If the progress in the electric cars continues as expected, then in the coming years it will be possible to have electric cars that are lightweight and have efficient electric motors. For making the electric car financially viable it will be important that the electric car fulfills all the low cost projections such that the life cycle cost associated with the electric vehicles is less as compared to the conventional electric vehicles. References Bi, Z., De Kleine, R., Keoleian, G. (2016). Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing Plug-in versus Wireless Charging for an Electric Bus System.Journal Of Industrial Ecology, n/a-n/a. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12419 Conte, M., Genovese, A., Ortenzi, F., Vellucci, F. (2014). Hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage for an electric forklift: a life-cycle cost assessment.J ApplElectrochem,44(4), 523-532. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-014-0669-z Del Duce, A., Gauch, M., Althaus, H. (2014).Electric passenger car transport and passenger car life cycle inventories in ecoinvent version 3.Int J Life Cycle Assess. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0792-4 Diao, Q., Sun, W., Yuan, X., Li, L., Zheng, Z. (2016).Life-cycle private-cost-based competitiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies.Applied Energy,178, 567-578.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.116 Goldberg, B., Hausser, A., Le, B. (1983).Accelerated cycle life testing of lead-acid golf car batteries and the influence of separator type on battery life, energy consumption and operating cost.Journal Of Power Sources,10(2), 137-148. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(83)87003-7 Hellgren, J. (2007). Life cycle cost analysis of a car, a city bus and an intercity bus powertrain for year 2005 and 2020.Energy Policy,35(1), 39-49. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.10.004 Helmers, E., Dietz, J., Hartard, S. (2015). Electric car life cycle assessment based on real-world mileage and the electric conversion scenario.Int J Life Cycle Assess. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0934-3 Jeong, K. Oh, B. (2002). Fuel economy and life-cycle cost analysis of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle.Journal Of Power Sources,105(1), 58-65. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00965-x Keating, J. (1979). Design to Cost/Life Cycle Cost a Way of Life.Journal Of Cost Estimating,9(2), 40-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21649405.1979.10462454 Lu, Q., Wu, P., Shen, W., Wang, X., Zhang, B., Wang, C. (2016). Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Power Battery.Materials Science Forum,847, 403-410. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.403 Marr, W. Walsh, W. (1992). Life-cycle cost evaluations of electric/hybrid vehicles.Energy Conversion And Management,33(9), 849-853. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(92)90013-m ROTH, I. (2004). Incorporating externalities into a full cost approach to electric power generation life-cycle costing.Energy,29(12-15), 2125-2144. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.03.016 Suri, G. Onori, S. (2016). A control-oriented cycle-life model for hybrid electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries.Energy,96, 644-653. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.075 Xiao, W., Lin, Y., Zheng, X., Ye, S. (2012). Modeling the Spread of Electric Vehicles Based on Life-Cycle Cost.AMR,424-425, 146-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.146

Entrepreneurship and dealing with competition Essay Example Essay Example

Entrepreneurship and dealing with competition Essay Example Paper Entrepreneurship and dealing with competition Essay Introduction Entrepreneurship and dealing with competition School: Entrepreneurship and dealing with competition Essay Body Paragraphs Tutor: Entrepreneurial resources For a business to succeed it needs to have a number of diverse resources that are vital to the success of any business and they include social network resources, financial resources, human resource and government resource. One such company that I have had the opportunity to work with is Advertising Specialties Inc that is a company offering marketing services for top brands. Being a top marketing company, ASI has the necessary entrepreneurial resources strategically utilizing them to its advantage. This has resulted in the company gaining a competitive edge in the market. The company has a rich financial pool financing its activities hence enabling it to reach a wide market base. It has succeeded in creating a trusting relation with its bank hence easily gaining loans, as they do not forfeit payment. The company’s clients consists of respected brands and due to their ability to perform, the clients trust them enough to pay deposits prior to the marketing tasks. The company’s sales are also high ensuring that the revenue gained is capable of catering for the costs and leave a wide profit margin that can be reinvested. In relation to human resource, the company is dedicated to having the best players in each field only hiring innovative professionals that are dedicated and talented marketers, people who are adaptive to changing market trends. At ASI, every employee is valued and this motivates the workers to give their best. The company emphasizes on the importance of teamwork and research to remain relevant and competitive by improving the employees’ knowledge and skills through constant training. ASI has a strong network base hence enabling it to capture new clients and markets increasing its sales yearly. This business network is what enables it to gain contracts from top brands since they are associated with success. With their connections, they are able to collaborate with training firms, a strategic move that benefits their company by education to employees on proper business practices and shed light on emerging consumer trends. ASI has accorded itself global recognition and a spotless reputation aiding in it network creation. ASI also benefits on government resource through creation of business networks with the relevant authorities hence acting as a business link between the clients it represents and the government. In this way this clients are able to get supply contracts to the government hence it acts as a network creator. 2. Forbearance and co-opetition Increasing competition in the market may sometimes force the existent company to react to the action of a competitor. However, the existing company may chose not to react, a scenario referred to as forbearance. On the other hand, firms may decide react, but in a manner not interfering with the other company’s action, this being co-opetition. The marketing business being a competitive field guarantees constant competitio n from a variety of upcoming and fellow competitors therefore Advertising Specialties Inc has faced situations of co-opetition on various occasions. However, acts of forbearance may not be preferred in marketing as the aim of the marketing company is to impact and influence a wide market base. Therefore, the company always has to stay ahead of competition especially when marketing for competing brands. Marketing requires strategic aggression that forbearance does not offer. Marketers invent new ways of wooing clients hence ASI always has to be ready for an event where the competitor comes up with a different approach of gaining customers. An act of forbearance in marketing may occur where our company and another are marketing different brands of the same product. Such an occurrence happened where our company was marketing for coca cola and a competitor marketing the Diet Rite. Here, our company decided to practice forbearance by not aggressively pursuing the market that the Diet Rit e was marketing in and instead focused on the market that was not receiving attention from the Diet Rite group by introduction of promotions and use of multi media marketing techniques. The company decided to situate the promotional activities with a certain target market in mind to reduce the cost and narrow the consumer target to create a greater impact in the market that we felt was the highest percentage consumers. 3. New strategies Blue ocean strategies are strategies that have been used in the past and I have heard of them especially since our company used them in the expansion of the company scope of business. This may include modification of an already existing product or mode of service or by introduction of an entirely different product or service. In my experience, entering an entirely new market posed a better opportunity for the growth of Advertising Specialties Inc as it was able to tap into new markets that were not crowded. The company integrated the overall low cost method and differentiation method to achieve a significant improvement in its sales. With the growth of use of IT in the business field the company secured financial resources and conducted researches on the best way the could incorporate technological in their activities to come up with the best marketing ways over the internet. Since this happened in the period where companies were still skeptical about the internet, the company was able to get a jumpstart ahead of its competitors in the market. The company trusted in this strategy and with it being a company representing large brands it was able to incorporate low cost due to the size of the market base and differentiation by use of a different approach from the other companies at the time. It was also among the first to start putting up LED screen in the streets for advertisement purposes hence the company boasts of bold and strategic application of differentiation in its marketing skills. 4. Hardball’ Strategies Hardbal l strategies are highly applicable especially in the marketing field. Advertising Specialties Inc tries to be discreet about its operations so as not to let the competition take advantage. For this to be successful they emphasize the importance of discretion of company secrets putting terms in the work contracts binding the workers top not let out any internal affairs of the company or share the company strategies with non-colleagues. ASI also often finds itself in a position where it has to identify the competitors’ strong points and weak points taking advantage where possible. Hence, the company tries to understand where a certain rival derives most of their profits and tries to use a strategy targeting that specific area while offering better offers to influence the market share that the rival controls. The company has to engage in research and aggressive marketing to understand the competitor’s strategy and formulate counter-strategies that work more effectively. T his succeeds at averting the market’s interests in the competitors’ offers convincing customers to choose their product over the other company’s similar product. This works at devastating the rival’s profit sanctuaries. As is often the practice in business circles, the end justifies the means and winning customers is the goal. As they are most of the time inevitable in business, hardball strategies should be applied with caution as they can have far-reaching legal effects, as is the case with Netflix and Blockbuster. 5. Business start up I have carried out a business start up before. I started a mini-library movie business whereby I carried some feasibility studies to establish the ability of set up and expansion and the existence of a supply gap. Here, I would relate to the strategy formulation section especially as explained in page 302. I had to carry out a threat analysis on my business idea. I considered similar businesses that were already in existe nce and potential future competition. I was also on the receiving end of hardball strategies where a competitor set up shop near my store whereby he offered a free DVD for every two bought, whereas I was offering a free DVD for every four hence diverting my customer command to his store hence I had to re-strategize to regain my customers. I largely agree with the information in the text. It is true that opportunity recognition, page 281, is only the beginning of the entrepreneurship process. It is also true that a viable entrepreneurship has to comprise of the four core qualities of being attractive hence my target was the youth, achievable where I compared my resources with the market and supply expectations. The other two are durability and inclination towards value creation where my customers would have the ability to watch the latest movies at a lower cost than available before. I also agree that for business success various resources are necessary being the financial, human, so cial resources and government support. I however disagree with the hardball strategies mentioned on page on page 303. My take on the issue is that business should be carried out with the utmost levels of integrity and due diligence. My outlook is that, at the end of the day, the business is answerable to the community within which it exists. Carrying out unethical activities with a vision for profit may put a business in sour terms with the community, which may have detrimental effects to the business. Questions regarding the chapter My pressing question in regards to chapter 8 is in relation to the hardball strategies. Does this strategy not go against the rules of business ethics? This type of approach to business operations could result in adverse effects causing the distrust and bad relations among businesses in the community. Other than the profit margin, the company should also care about creating a better business atmosphere enabling the companies to focus on customer satisfa ction. Factors such as a good reputation, good relationships with the community do not seem to matter. In regards to the blue ocean strategy, there is only so far that a product can be renovated. It is my opinion that, at one point, the product cannot be revamped and, therefore, at some point new products have to be introduced. I feel that the chapter does not shed light on the extent of the applicability of the blue ocean strategy especially for a mature product. Sometimes, invention is the only way for a business to remain competitive and relevant. 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Sleeping Bags Essays - Camping Equipment, Insulators, Bags, Bedding

Sleeping Bags Essays - Camping Equipment, Insulators, Bags, Bedding Sleeping Bags Choosing a Sleeping Bag Listed below are descriptions of the key characteristics differentiating Sleeping Bags. Price We list the Average Street Price (ASP) for a sleeping bag. Although ASP may be higher than the best retail price you can find, it is a good indication of what you may pay at a typical retailer. When an ASP is not available we list the Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price. (MSRP). The price listed is for the standard size sleeping bag. Often there are long (and occaisonally short) versions of the bag as well. The long version typically adds an extra 10 to 20 dollars to the price tag, while the short version is either the same price or a few dollars less. Range: $20 to almost $800. 80% of sleeping bags are between $80 and $450, with a median price of $180. Brand Brand is usually the name of the company that makes the particular sleeping bag, although sometimes companies will produce several brands. Shape Have you ever had the desire to be wrapped up tight just like King Tut? Then look at the mummy shaped sleeping bag, which is specially designed to form fit the body. The mummy is the most popular shape for sleeping bags, with the advantage of being very compact and warm. Still, some people get a little claustrophobic with no room to toss and turn, in which case the semi-rectangular bag is a good choice. It gives you space to store a few things in the bag and move about, without sacrificing the tapered foot area or the mummy-style hood. However remember it is less heat-efficient and a bit heavier than the mummy shape. Rectangular bags are the bulkiest and heaviest of the bags, but they are cheap, roomy, and easy to zip together to form two-person bags. Range: Mummy, Semi-Rectangular, Rectangular Temperature Rating Temperature rating is a hotly debated subject in the outdoor world. It is the indicator of the lowest temperatures (in Fahrenheit) you can use the bag in and still be comfortable. There are no standardized ratings and so each manufacturer provides an estimate. In any case, this number may be different for you personally, according to whether you are a hot or cold sleeper. Use this number as a guideline, but keep in mind your own sleeping habits and choose conservatively according to the coldest weather you think you will encounter when camping. Range: -65 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Fill Type Do you prefer down or synthetic insulation? This is the big choice that everyone faces when buying a sleeping bag. Down fanatics will tell you there's absolutely no replacement for a sleeping bag filled with the down from a goose. Down bags are generally warmer, lighter, more durable and more compactible than synthetic bags. They mold to your body to fill the voids that steal heat and compress down to a little pouch at the bottom of your backpack. However, down bags are cold when they get wet, don't dry as quickly as synthetic bags, and can only be dry-cleaned. They are also more expensive. Synthetic bags are cheaper, machine washable, and more water resistant (it's even said they're comfortable when wet, although no bag is comfortable if soaked through). They dry quickly, resist mold and are non-allergenic. If you do a lot of camping in rainy conditions, a synthetic might be the way to go. However if money is no option and you want a high quality sleeping bag that will last three times longer than a synthetic bag, take a good look at down. Range: Down or Synthetic. Water Resistant Shell A wet sleeping bag is a miserable experiencecold and clammy to sleep in and sometimes difficult to dry. Some shells are made of a water resistant material that helps keep moisture out (blocking the wind as well). This is great in difficult weather. However, water resistant shells have their negatives as well. They are not as breathable as non-resistant shells, which means that you may be protected from the elements on the outside, but soaking your sleeping bag with sweat from the inside. They are also more expensive than the non-resistant shells, particularly the DryLoft shell, which can add over $100 to the price of the bag. When deciding if a water resistant shell is important to you, consider the weather you plan to be camping in to help you decide if the investment is worth it. Range: Yes or No. Insulated Draft

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example IS steering committee also makes sure that the outcomes of the IS project do not affect the company or any of its departments in the negative way. This calls for the need for the advisory board to have a deep insight into the requirements and objectives of the information system. The advisory board must be able to predict and detect the outcomes and plan how to deal with them. Thus, the main purpose is to monitor the changes that the project or its outcomes are going to inflict upon the company as a whole. The committee also works to promote fair dealing among all the departments and the stakeholders so that every one of them has a right to give invoice in the decisions. This requires right kind of leadership and strategic planning. Another role is to promote healthy communication among all the involved parties to bring positive changes to the business on a collaborative platform, such changes that should affect the stakeholders positively, which is the main purpose of the committee. References Brown, C.V., DeHayes, D.W., Hoffer, J.A., & Perkins, W.C. (2008). Managing Information Technology. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Quench as World Leading Soft Drinks Brand Case Study

Quench as World Leading Soft Drinks Brand - Case Study Example According to the paper, Quench’s market position was particularly threatened by the media identifying their product as one of those with excessive levels of sugar. Given their customer base’s preference for healthy products, coupled to the focus on obesity as an urgent global health issue, Quench’s turnover has declined sharply and the company now faces an uncertain future. In this paper, solutions to the current problems faced by Quench will be identified and expert recommendation on how to regain lost market share given to Quench’s board of directors. The first alternative solution for Quench focuses on the company increasing their promotional and marketing strategies, specifically in consumer segments that are untapped. Quench could capitalize on their brand image within the sector, such as their good business practices and environmental initiatives and promote these to the consumers. By promoting their positive social and environmental initiatives, the y could gain an advantage with consumers who may dismiss Quench as another corporate entity out for profits. Rotfeld identifies comfort, simplicity, local sourcing, and going green as the food and beverage trend of 2013, which are aspects that Quench may use to advertise their environmental initiatives, in turn enticing consumers who are eco-conscious. With regards to comfort and simplicity trends, consumers are seeking to return to normalcy after the recent recession, as well as to resume pre-recession consumption habits. Quench could take advantage by re-energizing their brand and marketing its achievements in the social and environmental arena. However, this strategy has several limitations for Quench, including the magnitude of controversy around the company regarding unhealthy ingredients that may not be undone through promotion of its good deeds.

Narrative Conventions Of Formal Realism English Literature Essay

Narrative Conventions Of Formal Realism English Literature Essay So they forgot her like an unpleasant dream during a troubled sleep. Occasionally the rustle of a skirt hushes when they wake and the knuckles brushing a cheek in sleep seem to belong to the sleeper. Sometimes the photographs of a close friend or relative- looked at too long, shifts and sometimes more familiar than the dear face itself moves there. They can touch it if they like, but they dont, because they know things will never be the same if they do. He had a strange sense of being haunted, a feeling that the shades of his imagination were stepping out into the real world, that destiny was acquiring the slow, fatal logic of a dream. Now I know what a ghost is he thought, Unfinished business, thats what. Since the last decades of the Twentieth century many African American writers have set out to revise the slave narratives of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and to reaffirm both their historical and historiographical significance. For many writers, reclaiming an identity or narrative voice is vital and functions as a means of countering centuries of dispossession and misrepresentation. For Toni Morrison, interpretation represents an integral part of black cultural and social identity  [1]  and her novel Beloved, as Henry Louis Gates argues, invents and articulates a language that gives voice to the unspeakable horror and terror of the black past  [2]  . The novel is an allegorical representation of this unspeakability; Everybody knew what she was called but nobody knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be found because no one is looking for her  [3]  . Morrison in Beloved weaves her narrative around the complex history of slavery, its unrelenting brutality and the devastating cruelty it inflicted on African Americans. Critic Caroline Rudy suggests Beloved is a unique historical writing; historiographic intervention, a strategic re-centring of American history in the lives of the historically disposed  [4]  . Morrison sets out to re-write traditional historical narrative from the standpoint of those dispossessed and challenges the notion of what it is to be American. To reclaim a voice denied by imperialism and racism and to forge a literary discourse that transforms notions of blackness, Morrison rewrites and revises the conventions of genres. In Beloved Morrison revises three genres, those of the slave narrative, historical novel and the gothic novel. Critics such as Peter J Capuano in Truth and Timbre and Rafael Perez Torres in Knitting and Knotting the Narrative Thread have, as Heinert argues, the capacity to explain how Beloved responds to and rewrites the slave narrative tradition in American literature, for which Beloved is often categorized a neo slave narrative  [5]  . Ashraf Rushdy in Daughters Signifying History and Kathleen Brogan in Cultural Haunting, have argued effectively that Morrison by revising the case of Margret Garner or conducting, as Morrison herself suggests, literary archaeology  [6]  , creates a narrative for the real- life fugitive Seth. In doing so Morrison faces the challenge of transforming Seths Rememories of a brutal past into a discourse shaped by her own narrativity. Morrisons revivication of the dead and her summoning of Seths dead daughter are all, as Timothy Spaulding suggests in Reforming the Past, conventions of the Gothic novel  [7]  . Morrisons revisions of these genres are multifaceted and have a fundamental purpose: a rejection of conventional realism. Morrison shifts from one genre to another to account for the absences left by previous literary forms, or as Ritashona Simpson argues, to create a suitable receptacle of language which transforms and releases the slaves word  [8]  . Rewriting truth and narrating the gaps in history left by conventional realism is Morrisons way of narrating, Unspeakable things unspoken  [9]  . The crossing of genres, styles, and narrative perspectives within the text suggests it filters the absent or marginalised oral discourse of a, pre-capitalist black community through the self-conscious discourse of the contemporary novel  [10]  . In revising earlier literary traditions, dominated by the logic and values of the dominant culture, Morrison as Heinert argues, Disrupts formal realism  [11]  . Morrisons revisions of earlier slave narratives and history clearly expose the absence of the black voice within the context of formal realism. In Beloved, gothic elements reveal the collusion between a Western scientific world view and slavery; and according to Truffin, uncovers distortions in the lens through which the rational discourse views the world, indicating the features of life and the lives of others for which Western empiricism fails to account  [12]  . While earlier slave narratives sought to speak directly to a white readership and elucidate the brutality of slavery, Beloved, as Bloom has argued, exposes the unsaid, the psychic subtexts that lie both within and beneath the historical facts  [13]  . In interviews Morrison has remarked that, the documentary realism of the slave narratives imposed complete silence about those excessive proceedings of slavery too terrible to relate  [14]  . These silences are re-membered and rewritten by the main protagonists and the readers, like Ella, listened for the holes, things the fugitives did not say, the questions they did not ask  [15]  . To quote Carl Plasa, if Beloved is a story about a ghost it is a story which itself has a ghostly status or existence, hauntingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the gaps and silences of the tradition on which it draws, seeking release. To articulate black Identity and construct a literary discourse which lifts the veil of silence, writers such as Morrison imbue their texts with fantastic or non-mimetic ruses to create a contradictory narrative form. However, Morrison discredits the labels, fearing they suggest a breach with truth, and her single gravest responsibility (in spite of that magic) is not to lie  [16]  . However, in essence, postmodern slave narratives implement elements of the fantastic not as a way of undermining their narrative authority but as a means of establishing it. The text revises gothic elements into a device for exposing the junctures between slavery and science, and for delegitimizing western logic as it controls slavery. According to Goldner, As hauntings carry the perspectives and powers of slaves, gothic representations of slavery in the texts disrupt the Galilean project in the service of the enslaved. As hauntings position the dead amid the living and the past amid the present, they defy the concept of linear time, the bedrock of cause and effect that enables prediction. They thus defy the Western dream of control  [17]  . Gothic haunts elucidate what is invisible to the dominant culture and within the text haunts and gothic devices also confront the Euclidean conception  [18]  of the world as a uniform space, challenging western notions of linear time, juxtaposing past and present. Haunts and Gothic elements permeate the absences, central to history with the suffering of slaves, arraigning the atmosphere with emotive, ethical, and political forces which the endeavour of science claims to dis-credit, and the project of slavery seek to ignore. Harpham also argues; The haunts of Gothicism break through the boundaries of the dominant cultures paradigms and identities signalling potential political crisis  [19]  . Morrison, like Chestnutt in The Conjure Woman, subverts the claims of science, infusing them with gothic hauntings, whose vocal cadences carry African American oral culture and express the pain of slaves  [20]  . Gothic hauntings act as the vehicle through which the suppressed returns and Linda Krumholz in The Ghosts of Slavery shows how Morrison has integrated the conventions of the gothic novel by using African cosmology to manifest the dead child, Beloved. The haunts convey all that a scientific and imperialist discourse seeks to dominate, including feelings, and more specifically, the feelings of the oppressed. While the gothic signifies a disruption not to conventional realism Morrison extends this disruption to the cultural logic and ideology of the dominant culture. Whereas a scientific discourse would consider the haunting of Seths house as illogical, Beloved categorizes the gothic as reality. The ghost seems logical to Seth and the other characters that understood the source of the outrage as well as knew the source of light  [21]  . When Paul D is confronted by the poltergeist, Seth simply explains that the spirit haunting the house is, her daughter  [22]  . The ghost is als o visible to Denver who, kneels in a white dress beside her mother  [23]  . The heartrenching tale of Baby Suggs lost children explains why haunting seemed normal. Four taken, four chased, and all, I expect, worrying somebodys house into evil  [24]  . Such is the acceptance of the supernatural as reality that Baby Suggs believes there is not a house in the country aint packed to its rafters with some dead Negroes grief  [25]  . Goldner argues that, until its final pages, every African American character accepts the haunt as true.  [26]  Rather than seeing Beloved as any kind of ghostly contrivance, the novel also delineates the gothic as a reality when it gives its ghost a body with inimitable physical powers: Beloved simultaneously embraces and chokes Seth; she seduces and manipulates Paul D, and in the end takes the shape of, a pregnant women naked and smiling in the heat of the afternoon sun  [27]  . Once Beloved appears on Seths doorstep, the gothic becomes a n embodied reality, and also grows in scope, invading the confines of 124 Bluestone Rd and the narrative itself. As Morrison revives the gothic conventions of ghosts she stretches the convention of the gothic novel to breaking point. No longer ethereal, Beloved is made real, as real as the existence of slavery and its experiences once were  [28]  . Some critics have maintained that the novel merges white and black literary ethnicities, including components of European American female Gothic tradition in its reading of the slave narratives. In one sense, it is possible to make a connection. Kate Ferguson Ellis account of the characteristic Gothic novel with houses in which people are locked in and locked out,  [29]  and preoccupation with violence done to familial bonds that is frequently directed against women  [30]  , does seem applicable to Beloved. Pamela Barnett in Figurations of Rape and the Supernatural in Beloved takes an opposing view, arguing that Beloved is more than a supernatural embodiment, she is a menacing hybrid of European American and African American cultural traditions  [31]  , a succubus, a vampire, and a female demon, nourishing itself through (literally and metaphorically) draining Seths strength. The spectre, or the ghost, represents this American Jeremiad of the minority. Spectre, as Derrida defines it in Spectres of Marx, is something that remains difficult to name  [32]  . Toni Morrison in her novel, Beloved, attempts to name the unnameable by confronting a brutal past. This space can be valuable, a means by which to re-inscribe spaces of oppression as sites of subversion and resistance. Beloved is finally set apart from the distinctive form of a ghost story in that Morrison, as Edwardss points out, provides no corner from which to smile skeptically at the thrills were enjoying  [33]  . The thrills of myth and magic are embedded in real horror and terror. The illusory elements cannot, in the end, be said to be merely narrative ploys, creating tension or suspense or guiding the reader further into a magical, mythical world. Rather than merely pervading a world of fantasy and myth, the reader is forced to confront the horrifically real, the unspeakable reality of sla very. Morrison, in her own words, blends the acceptance of the supernatural and a profound rootedness in the real world at the same time  [34]  . This configuration of the supernatural can be demonstrated by Barbara Christians argument that Morrison, in configuring Beloved as an embodied spirit, a spirit that presents itself as a body  [35]  , purposely distances her novel from the perspective of Gothic tradition, and instead places it in relation to, the African traditional religious belief that Westerners call ancestor worship  [36]  . Barbara Christians argument underlines the cynicism of the very idea of something called supernaturalism. Magic can be supernatural and natural and the supernatural can extend beyond notions of magic. This concept of superstition and magic is for Morrison, just another way of knowing things, an alternate epistemology discredited only because those who contribute have themselves been similarly disavowed historically. As Toni Morrison argues the discredited knowledge that Black people had was discredited only because Black people were discredited  [37]   Considering the dichotomy between fact and fiction Morrisons work might, she admits, fall into, the realm of fiction called fantastic or mythic or magical or unbelievable  [38]  in the minds of some. Her use of the supernatural or gothic origins can also be seen as emphasising the reality of her subject. The boundary between what is true and what is not is decisively distorted as Morrison says, the crucial distinction  [39]  for her is not that between fact and fiction, but between fact and truth because, facts can exist without human intelligence, but truth cannot  [40]  . While narrative truth is a construct, and, the burden of constructing it belongs to its readers  [41]  , Beloved constructs a literary discourse that alters as Perez Torres states, Western notions of blackness  [42]  . Morrison transforms absence into a powerful presence and in doing so helps readers reconsider the past as a way of re-evaluating its history, class and conventions whilst seeking the truth. While the formality of conventional realism alters the way in which slavery and its facets are (dis)remembered in the canon of American Literary discourse, Beloved emerges as an alternative, a counter-narrative to the racist representation of slavery. Beloved disrupts generic conventions to expose how conventional realism cannot account for race, and calls for readers to respond  [43]  . Without special privilege going to any single form of storytelling, and through an authenticity based on inclusiveness, the many voices within the text contribute to, and give voice to, those formerly excluded from history. C:Documents and SettingsJoannaMy Documentsfirst chapter for beloved_filesspacer.gif