Welfare state and globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government assistance state and globalization - Research Paper Example These customary techniques for social association have now been disassembled by industrialization, which has put workers’ government assistance in danger. Under this model, it is likewise expected that the legislature has more assets in light of the expanded riches welcomed on by industrialization forms, so the administration can successfully play out the job of protecting its citizens’ government assistance. For a bigger scope, government assistance frameworks might be viewed as a need of the transparency of monetary frameworks, which open specialists to outer stuns in this way making governments shield them from these stuns (Huber and Stephens 2). On the other hand, one may see government assistance states as an impression of state capacities; a few countries embrace extensive and widely inclusive government assistance programs while others don't. These distinctions emerge from the degree of intensity scattering in those nations just as their abilities. Other than industrialism and state limit, government assistance frameworks can likewise be viewed as appearances of political or class battles. In this way of thinking, state strategy is controlled by the need to keep up a perceived leverage among business people and communists. It is assumed that communists for the most part involve left wing party supporters and work associations; then again, industrialists comprise of conservative lawmakers just as the administration place. In certain examples, left wing legislative issues rules governmental issues accordingly putting traditional backers on the opposite finish of the range. In this hypothetical school, a steady battle exists between these two gatherings in the dissemination of intensity. Business people need to extricate as much yield as possible from capital and work while common society needs to protect society’s interests; as a general rule, these two substances conflict, and a government assistance framework won when the left outflanks the right. Subsequent to looking at how a government assistance framework comes to fruition, it

Animal Experiments Ethics Controversy Essay

Investigation In present-day society, creature tests are assuming an undeniably key job in our lives, and it is progressing at an astounding rate. Its exploration results have totally transformed us. Be that as it may, meanwhile, the creature tests morals contention has started a lot of discussion. Numerous individuals imagine that for the endurance and improvement of people, creature tests are essential. While a few people contend that life of creatures and people are similarly significant, they are against any type of creature tests. In this paper, I will investigate two normal feelings with respect to this issue. Persuading contentions can be said that creature tests are usually utilized in clinical research. In concentrates on examination and counteraction, human maladies assume a colossal job. To begin with the job of medication, utilizing creatures to test new medications could help in understanding the impacts and reactions of new medications. In this manner, individuals don’t must be guineas pigs, and can maintain a strategic distance from the perils of being these guineas pigs. In addition, creature tries in cloning human organs likewise have another achievement. For example, individuals found that goats embedded with human undifferentiated organisms have blood and organs like DNA of people. In particular, the principle utilization of it is supporting human organs in animals’ bodies. One day when individuals are harmed or debilitated, they will have the option to legitimately supplant organs. All the more significantly, through creature tests, we can investigate the secrets of human lives. As such, controlling the human sicknesses and maturing, expanding the lives of people could be acknowledged by creature tests. Thus, a few insights show that biomedical research ventures with over 60% need to lead creature tests. There are numerous point investigates of creature analyzes that are troublesome. Following quite a while of research, creature tests have spared innumerable lives, and it will keep on sparing more lives. Convincing contentions can be made that creature tests assume a basic significant job in numerous different fields of science. In any case, national barrier and military science clearly depend on creature tests. As we probably am aware, the main animal into space was not human, rather it was a canine. Individuals did a great deal of tests with the canine in space, and therefore increased a ton of information. Sensors were utilized to screen her pulse, circulatory strain, and other real capacities to more readily see any physical changes that may happen in space. In the subsequent spot, farming science, utilizing animal examinations is significant and important. In this manner substance manures, pesticide buildup testing, and nature of food, is in the long run decided through the employments of creature tests. To wrap things up, in the region of light industry, people’s day by day necessities, particularly, the impacts of concoction items are probed creatures to test for hurtful fixings. For example, before food added substances, hide items, beautifying agents, etc, organizations were required to lead creature trials to demonstrate they were not damage to the human body. With the improvement of times, an ever increasing number of fields need creature tests. Possibly individuals haven’t saw, yet it has become a basic piece of people’s day by day lives. It might be enticing to contend that creature tests are not reasonable. The principle explanation behind this is individuals think creatures and people have a similar fundamental endurance needs, and elevated levels of mental needs. Clearly, creatures and people have similar rights to live on the planet. We have to regard creatures, regard lives. Another explanation is a few people feel that creature tests are excessively pitiless. For instance, Draize eye disturbance test is utilized to gauge the invigorating degree to natural eyes of specific items. Rabbit’s are constantly used to do this sort of test, since they don’t have tears. Individuals lock up these bunnies, open their eyes, and drop in the test substances. So as to get the best outcomes, individuals will be compelled to close their eyes. Besides, after the trials, all the hares will be executed, regardless of whether they are sound or not. All things considered, we ought not do this so as to spare creatures lives rather we should forfeit people’s lives. We can’t imprint creature tests, since it has a few deficiencies. I accept that before we locate a feasible other option, most of individuals would in any case bolster creature tests. In outline, I would surrender that we ought to ensure animals’ rights and government assistance, attempt to diminish or stop creature tests. In spite of that in the current degree of innovation, the presence of creature tests for the improvement of people is fundamental. By and large, I am persuaded that we should utilize the best possible exploratory plan, and information investigation techniques to lessen the utilization of test testing on creatures in the current conditions, and search for new options effectively.

Seminole War

Seminole War Seminole War, in U.S. history, armed conflict between the U.S. government and the Seminoles. In 1832 the U.S. government signed a treaty with the Seminoles, who lived in Florida, providing for their removal to Oklahoma in 1835 in exchange for a small sum of money. However, opposition to the treaty soon appeared among the Seminoles; under the leadership of the young chief, Osceola , the Seminoles organized small raiding parties that attacked the American troops. The U.S. army was rendered helpless by the raiding tactics of the Native Americans and suffered heavy casualties. Although Osceola was captured in 1837 and died in prison a few months later, resistance continued. When Gen. William J. Worth became (1841) commander of U.S. forces, a new strategy was adopted. The Seminoles' crops were systematically burned and their villages destroyed. As winter approached and starvation was imminent, the Seminoles surrendered. A peace treaty was signed in 1842 and the Seminoles were removed we stward. The war resulted in 1,500 U.S. soldiers killed, and cost more than $20 million. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

My Heros Journey - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1936 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: My Hero Essay Did you like this example? It all started on November 6, 2010. It was my seventh birthday party. I was having an animal themed party. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Heros Journey" essay for you Create order My friends and I had just done presents and were about to go have dessert. For dessert, my mom made two different cakes. One was a chocolate black cat, and the other was a yellow cocker spaniel cake. Right before we went in the kitchen for the cake though, my dad exclaimed that he had to go outside and quickly grab one last gift. Suddenly, my dad opened the front door and walked in carrying the sweetest little cocker spaniel. I was overwhelmed with feelings of thrill, excitement, and amazement! It was a complete surprise to receive a dog for my birthday! The cocker spaniel was pre-owned, and was seven years old too! We decided that his birthday would be celebrated on mine from now on. He was named Chip from his previous owners, and I was as in love with him! Anatole France said, â€Å"Until one has loved an animal a part of one’s soul remains unawakened.† (â€Å"A quote by Anatole France† Goodreads. ) To me, this is complete truth! Whenever we took him to the doctors for check-ups, the doctors would be stunned by his health! Almost everytime we picked him up, the doctors would declare, â€Å"he is the healthiest cocker spaniel we have ever seen of his age!† Not only was my dog known for his exceptionally good health, he was also the most fantastically behaved dog I had ever met! He only ever barked in the first few years we owned him when someone would ring the doorbell, but after a few years that weared off. He never bit anyone! He would constantly be pinched, hugged, and teased by my younger sister in the first few years we had him, but he never showed any form of rudeness towards her! He just let her do what she wanted and had such outstanding patience and love for her. He was playfull when he wanted to be, but no one would ever consider him a rowdy dog! Through the years, he kept up this angelic act and never lost it! In conclusion, he was almost as close to perfect as could be! Flash forward about 7 years. Chip and I are now 14 years old. Chip is still extremely healthy, but is very old now. He is losing hearing and has very little energy. It was Christmas break, and my family left to DisneyLand for a family vacation. While we were gone, we left Chip at a pet hotel. DisneyLand was a dream as expected, and we took very little thought on Chip while we were gone, trusting that he was in good care. He must have felt like Odysseus’ men when they were held captive by Circe in her dungeon, or perhaps like Odysseus himself when he was held captive by the Cyclops along with many others. In the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus expresses how much he misses his home when he says, â€Å"each day I long for home, long for the sight of home†¦.† (Elements of Literature, pg. 654) Chip had no way to escape, all he could do was wait for the day when we come to bring him home once again. When we returned from DisneyLand, it was late on a Saturday night, but we cou ldn’t pick him up until Monday, because of store hours and policy. When we picked him up, he was limping and had a little bit drool hanging from his mouth. This was shocking for us, because he never had health problems and never drooled. We kind of just shook it off at first though and figured that it was just a phase that would end soon. It didn’t end though. He continued to limp and his drool got worse. We attempted to wipe his drool, but whenever we did, he would wince. He began to starve because of the pain he felt in his mouth. His food was too hard to chew, and so he wouldn’t eat due to the pain he would feel from attempting to chew his food. Seeing that this was not normal, we decided to take him to some pet doctors to determine what was wrong and what we needed to do to help him. The doctors told us that he had a disease that basically meant he was allergic to his gums. They removed about 6-10 teeth, and prescribed him with an antibiotic to fight off the infection. They told us to give him watered down canned food, because it would be easier for him to chew. The doctors also informed us that the fact that he was limping had no connection whatsoever to the disease, which means he was probably injured at the pet hotel, and the limping should end soon. We couldn’t believe this and we vowed never to take our pet to that pet hotel again! When his limping ended, he eventually was able to run and go up staircases again. While he was on his antibiotics, his drooling stopped almost completely! It seemed like there was hope at last! But once we ran out of his prescription, the drooling came back, and was even worse! â€Å"Seeing someone you love in pain is the most frustrating feeling.† ( Tacoma. Whisper. ) Not only was he drooling, but he was drooling bl ood! He stopped eating again and was losing weight rapidly. Due to the lack of fat on his body, he was always cold and would shiver and shake. He began to have bowel issues as well. Even his personality was noticeably different! Often times he could be found isolating himself from the family. When we were in the living room, he would go to my sisters room and just lay on her bed. When we were in the kitchen, he would mope in the piano room. He wouldn’t run like he used to. His hearing was worsening by the days. He was growing white and anyone would agree that he was going overhill. We bought him more prescription, pulled more teeth, and the results just repeated. He was fine while on the antibiotics, but once off he was back to his miserable life. My parents took him from one pet specialist to the next, looking for answers to this giant issue that had spiralled out of control. The doctors and my parents came to the conclusion that he would either live the rest of his life (which wouldn’t be too long anyway, seeing that he was 14) in pain and on antibiotics, or that we put him down and thus end his pain. When my parents shared the news with me, I was devastated. I felt similar to how Penelope must’ve felt when her husband was gone for a decade and wondered if he had died, but tried to have hope that he didn’t. The only difference was, I had no hope. I knew that my dog’s life was coming to an end and there was nothing I could do to stop that. â€Å"You have to accept that some chapters in our lives have to close without closure. There’s no point in losing yourself by trying to fix what’s meant to stay broken.† (â€Å"Quotes About Losing Hope† QUOTES HOPE. ) I realized that I had very little pictures of Chip and that if I was going to remember him properly, I needed some pictures of and with him. It was a struggle trying to take pictures with and of him though. First of all, he was never very photogenic and never liked us to take pictures of him. On top of that, he was gravely ill, had permanent blood and drool staining his muzzle, and looked just depressing. Nonetheless, we still took pictures. We took him outside late one night and Lucy (my six year old sister), my mother, and I began posing with him. He squirmed and fought as always, so we didn’t actually get desired-looking pictures with him, but I was still glad we did it. We also took some of just him when we went inside. The day finally rolled around that we scheduled to put him down. It was a Monday morning, and I did not want to go to school. I wanted to go with my parents to the pet place to put him down and skip school that day because school sucks and I wanted to spend every last minute with him that I could. My parents wouldn’t allow me to though. They told me that it would be a lot easier on me if I didn’t see him go and if it happened while I was at school. Because mother knows best, I reluctantly went to school that day. When I got home, my mother found my sisters and I, and asked if she could talk with us in the bathroom. She told us that Chip was officially put down, and that’s when we lost it. I felt as Romeo did when Juliet died. â€Å"Death lies on her like an untimely frost upon the sweetest flower of all the field.† (â€Å"Romeo and Juliet Act 4, Scene 5 Quotes Page 1. Shmoop.) Eliza (my 11 year old sister), Lucy, my mom, and I stood there hugging each other and bawling for probably an hour. My mother didn’t want us to become depressed though, and so she somehow changed the subject. Only after about thirty seconds, Lucy was cheerful once again, unlike Eliza and I. Chip was closer to our hearts than probably anyone else’s in our family, and we lost him. He was gone. We were able to stop the tears for a few hours though, and bleakly carried on. It was hard getting over the loss of our pet. My mother knew this, and she did all she could to lessen the pain we felt. She ordered all three girls cocker spaniel stuffed animals and an ornament with chip’s actual footprint on it. She also gave just me a little statue of an angel hugging a puppy that resembled Chip and said something like, â€Å"Chip, you left paw prints in our heart.† The gifts meant so much to me and I put the decorations on my dresser, and the stuffed animal on my bed in memory of him. I tried to keep a positive outlook on what had happened though. Some days were a lot easier than others. My parents conducted a Family Home Evening on resurrection and the afterlife, and it brought a lot more comfort inside of our home. Believe it or not, it didn’t take very long for my sisters to move on afterward. They began asking for a new dog almost daily. I was a faithful as Penelope was to Odysseus, and I was not ready to move on. In Loyalty in the Odyssey, it reads, â€Å"Penelope told the suitors she would marry one of them once she finished the shroud for Laertes, yet the text said, ‘So every day she wove of the great loom-but every night she unwove it; and so for the three years she deceived the Ahkaians.’ (p. 22). The trick she used to distract the suitors shows her loyalty to her husband.† (Curtis, Christen. â€Å"Loyalty in the Odyssey.† Study Guides and Book Summaries.) Therefore, how could I be ready to welcome a new dog into my home a week after the only one I had ever had left? Honestly, how much do you really love your dog if a week after you want a new one?

Hamlet, Sin Or Justified - 892 Words

Revenge in Hamlet, Sin or Justified? What is Revenge? Is it right? Is it worth sinning? Is revenge the right thing to do? There are too many questions to be asked when planning revenge or thinking about revenge and those were the exact questions that were asked in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet that took place in the 1600s. According to Merriam Webster, Revenge is the act of inflicting hurt on someone for an injury or wrong suffered at their hands, and in Hamlet’s case, revenge was mandatory because of a promise he made to his murdered father’s ghost. Even though Hamlet was honoring his father and doing what the ghost of his father told him to do, revenge, in a biblical sense, would have been a sin. However, seeking revenge out of family code of honor gave Hamlet moral justification in breaking the tradition of the Elizabethan Orthodoxy. Thinking about justification and morality in the 21st century is different than back in the 1600s, during the time of this play. The revenge started when Hamlet was talking to the ghost of his father, when the ghost told him that King Claudius was the one that killed him. It started by the ghost telling Hamlet â€Å"So art thou to revenge when though shalt hear† (I.V.1726) which meant that the ghost was expecting hamlet to be ready for revenge after hearing him, The Ghost also told Hamlet that â€Å"Now, Hamlet, hear.’Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forgà ¨d process of my death ranklyShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare906 Words   |  4 PagesImagery is an integral part of literature. The protagonist, Hamlet, his mother Queen Gertrude and her husband King Claudius, along with Hamlet’s love interest Ophelia are all affected by human sin through the evocation of sickness and rot. Sin, the driving force of the play, impacts each character, decaying his or her mind, resulting in the emotional and phy sical demise of each character and the decay of the state of Denmark, which has become â€Å"rotten† after Claudius poisons his own brother and wedsRead MoreThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare1482 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider Death and Sin in Shakespearean drama and I would like to look at three of Shakespeares tragic plays: Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. Shakespeare uses many themes in all his play that attract audiences throughout history. The things he wrote about are as relevant now as they were in his time. Death and Sin were issues that are always around. In his plays, Shakespeare could comment on these things and make audiences see things that they could not before. In Hamlet, we can see clearRead MorePersonalities of Hamlet in William Shakespeare ´s Play by the Same Name599 Words   |  3 Pagestragedy, Hamlet, William Shakespeare presents Hamlet as one of the most distinguishable characters due his quest to avenge his father’s death. Hamlet Throughout the play, he is given various voices: as an avenger, as a moralist, and as a philosopher. In this essay, I will be explaining these personalities of Hamlet in depth. The voice of Hamlet as an avenger is observed across the play after the ghost of old king Hamlet reveals that Claudius is the individual who murdered him. Hamlet commencesRead MoreMorality And Redemption : An Admirable Treatise On The Nature Of Guilt And Individual Fate1640 Words   |  7 Pagesfortunately, individuals like Shakespeare seek to respond to them through their works. 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The reason for this delay is Hamlet’s tragic flaw – his tendency towards thought and introspection rather than impulse and action. Because of this flaw, Hamlet is unable to ignore the moral aspects of his actions and â€Å"thereby becomes the creature of mere meditation, andRead MoreHamlets Hesitation Essay1128 Words   |à ‚  5 PagesHAMLETS HESITATION In Shakespeares Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Claudius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his fathers death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, Hamlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlets hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. 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The most obvious example of corruption in the play is the murder of king Hamlet by his brother Claudius followed shortly after the incestuous marriage of Gertrude and Claudius, a marriage that robs Hamlet of his throne. The next example is Hamlets vow with the

Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders Free Essays

Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Underlying Normal Traits within Abnormal Personality Disorders Student University April 11, 2010 Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these personality characteristics, and it determined that there were everal models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical definition of abnormal personality. Researchers used either the Big Four, Big Five or other models to describe what an abnormal personality consisted of and how it related to a normal personality as studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchers measured personality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor differences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noted. Later, the definition of personality dysfunctions included life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was able to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A person’s maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the personality was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal personality. Today, treatment options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic herapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic patients suffering from abnormal personality traits. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category systems of personality isorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are â€Å"essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness† (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies show a relationship examining the actors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established that the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A tr aits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested â€Å"an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics† (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four structure was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models. These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that â€Å"two higher order traits—Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality—are included in both models† (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a â€Å"Big Four† theory which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five heory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy â€Å"that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that â€Å"abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation† (O’Connor Doyce , 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when eviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality disorders (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By defining the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be tilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common Ru nning Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta- analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by O’Connor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The O’Connor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to etermine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). O’Connor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities â€Å"both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern† (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as: p aranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is he way that professional clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the â€Å"qualitative distinction between the two† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. O’Connor asked whether the distinction can be made using former Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model being that there was â€Å"no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder. In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others disordered personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed. Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often â€Å"it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is necessarily pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley Jang, p. 262). That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS distress (Livesley Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder? Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of â€Å"normal† personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger Trull, 1991; Widiger Sankis, 2000). The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they â€Å"would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even â€Å"normal† people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive. In this way, the researchers determined Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS that the â€Å"definition of personality disorder needs to incorporate features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be â€Å"a system of interrelated structures and processes† (Costa McCrae, 1994; Mischel, 1999; Vernon, 1964) which included a person’ dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered â€Å"harmful dysfunctions,† (Wakefield, 1992; Livesley Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a person’s personality system (Livesley Jang, p. 263) Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a person’s personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her â€Å"self, and life situations, and the strategies used to achieve personal tasks† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it. It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture. This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the person’s mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that ould a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly e xtreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be â€Å"street smart† and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis. Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of â€Å"evolutionary significance† nd featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a person’s identity was developed and they included: the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies; development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness; and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions hat were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a person’s life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted â€Å"harmful dysfunction† and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures â€Å"should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and hey should be due to extreme personality variation rather than another pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 264 ). Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an â€Å"evolutionary sense† which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley Jang, p. 264). This was xplained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of ever y individual, whether the person had an abnormal ersonality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by â€Å"persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally† (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that â€Å"we do not necessarily need to know everything about someone’s personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered† (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists iew these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says â€Å"personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid† (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PE RSONALITY DISORDERS personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality. The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered â€Å"quite inappropriate in such a complicated field† (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical efinition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the â€Å"bad guy. † Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within heir abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The People’s Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure f the patient’s personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did â€Å"draw on the same five underlying personality traits† (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the person’s habits and personal attitudes were all measured o find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were â€Å"modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people† (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to e treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a full and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, sychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman Fonagy, 1 999). Bateman Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with â€Å"An improvement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months† (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the herapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with â€Å"chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have affe ctive and personality disorders† (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs were considered effective for patients with long-term nonschizophrenic disorders. The Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS atients noted significant improvement in â€Å"four of the five areas studied—interpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteem—as well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM—III). Washington, DC: APA. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://ajp. sychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/156/10/1563? ijkey=bb19a5d11 6af525fe927da3b0a0c0250f3d61de3 Costa, P. T. , McCrae, R. R. (1994). Can personality change? In T. F. Heatherton, J. L. Weinberger (Eds. ), Can personality change? (pp. 21–40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Linehan, M. M. (1992) Cognitive Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. Livesley, W. John Jang, Kerry L.. (2005). Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality, European Journal of Personality, 19(4), 257-268. Markon, K. E, Krueger, R. F. , Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and bnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139–157. EBSCO Database: Academic Search Premier. McCrae, Robert R. , Jian, Yang, et al. (2001). Personality Profiles and the Prediction of Categorical Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 155-174. Mischel, W. (1999). Personality coherence and dispositions in a Cognitive œAffective Personality System (CAPS) approach. In D. Cervone, Y. Shoda (Eds. ), The coherence of personality (pp. 37–60). New York: Guilford. O’Connor B. P. (2002). The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and bnormality: A statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83(4), 962–982. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12374447 O’Connor B. P. Dyce J. A. (2001) Rigid and extreme: A geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1119–1130. PubMed Database. Piper, W. E. , Rosie, J. S. , Azim, H. F. A, Joyce A. S. (1993). A randomized trial of psychiatric day treatment for patients with affective and personality disorders. Hosp Community Psychiatry, 44, 757–763. Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman (Eds. ), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 3–33). San Diego, CA: Academic. Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443–458. Tyrer, Peter. (2001). Personality disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 81-84. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://bjp. rcpsych. org/cgi/content/full/179/1/81 Watson, David, Clark, Lee Anna, Chmielewski, Michael. (2008). Structures of Personality and Their Relevance to Psychopathology: II. Further Articulation of a Comprehensive Unified Trait Structure. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1545-1586. EBSCO Database: Academic Search Premier. Vernon, P. E. (1964). Personality assessment: A critical survey. London: Methuen. Wakefield, J. C. (1992). Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R’s definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232–247. Widiger, T. A. , Sankis, L. M. (2000). Adult psychopathology: Issues and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 377–404. Widiger, T. A. , Trull, T. J. (1991). Diagnosis and clinical assessment. Annual Review of How to cite Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders, Papers

Development of the Electric Vehicles

Question: Discuss about the Development of the Electric Vehicles. Answer: Introduction Over the long period of time the huge use of fuel results in major environmental issues such as global warming,air pollution and energy crisis. Thus, alternatively driven vehicles manufacturing provide an alternative platform for the individuals that helps in creating sustainability within the environmentand reduces the impact of climate change. Hence electric vehicle is most preferable among the alternatively driven vehicles.The big revolution in mass producing of electric vehicle came with the grace of general motor ev1 in 1961.That period of time electric vehicle were available to the resident of Los Angeles,California,Arizona throughlease contracts only(Bi, De Kleine, Keoleian, 2016). Electric vehicles are very desirable due to its economical and environmental issues. The fluctuation throughout all over the world in currency has led electric vehicle a big platform to explore reducing the import of fuel. Over the years research in battery technology lithium ion battery is more acc eptable in new model electric vehicles. History of electric cars First electric vehicle was developed in the year 1834 by Thomas Davenport.A big innovation in battery technology during the period 1890 to 1910 has led electric vehicle more expansion in the market. It is a golden era of electric vehicle and the given example carries this.IN 1900 cars made in US: 1681 Steam cars, 1575 Electric cars, 936 Gasoline cars (Goldberg et.al. 1983). The adaptability among people of electric vehicles is due to zero noise,emission and being easier to drive rather than combustion engine cars. One of the top selling electric vehiclesgo as 15 mph and as far as 40 miles on a single charge. The big drawback of electric vehicleare nonfunctional in non electrified ruralarea, such as low acceleration speed and short driving range. Electric vehicle pick time was in the early 1900, whereas its downfall also began after 1920.Thus the golden era of electric vehicle became very short(Conte, Genovese, Ortenzi, Vellucci, 2014). After 1920 the vehicle market dominated by the i nternal combustion engines (ICG) over the electric vehicles. From the late 60s and through 80s various environmental issues and the crisis of fuel provide a second wave of electric vehicles. The awareness of the negative factors due to the combustion engines related to the both economical and environmental factors has led a re- emergence of electric vehicles. In 2009 Barak Obama Government allotted $2.4 billion as a grant for researching to better technology in batteries and further providing a $7500 tax benefit for the first 200000 electric vehicles buyers (Keating, 1979). China government also takes some ambitious plans to become the leader in production and utilization around the world. In this prospect they offer subsidies up to $8800 to taxi drivers and local government agencies for buying electric vehicle and also ordered to the power grid to set up electric car charging stations in Beijing, Shanghai etc. Analysis of electric motor cars The analysis of the development of the electric vehicles is based on their comparison with the other types of cars such as the hybrid cars and the ICE cars, on the various factors such as the depreciations costs, costs related to the consumption of fuel, repairing and maintenance costs and kilometer tax. In this research study the sensitivity analysis is done on the basis of the findings from the various literatures and by conducting some random interview with the industry experts. The main intent behind performing the sensitivity analysis was to analyze the overall cost per kilometer with respect to the depreciation costs, repairing and the maintenance costs and the costs of the wheels and the fuels(Del Duce, Gauch, Althaus, 2014). The costs of the insurance, costs of the AA petrol and the costs related to the cleaning of the vehicle is considered to be stable costs. It is not possible to predict the development costs of the car taxes but as per the European Policy the development o f the taxes generally depends upon the emission of the car. As per the fuel costs the research found out that the bottom prices of the oil will be around 1.40 per litre of gasoline which is the average costs of the fuel in the year 2007. This would result in the kilometer price of 0.35. Though there are not much information that is available about the rates that are related to the H2, but as per the various research studies the current price of the hydrogen fuel will be about 0.44 and there are chances that these prices will be reduced to 0.056kWh if the hydrogen gas is produced in a decentralized manner by reforming the natural gas (Diao, Sun, Yuan, Li, Zheng, 2016). On conducting the research related to the development of the electricity prices, it was found that there is large variation which ranges from 0.22 kWh to 0.37kWh by the year 2030. It is difficult to estimate the development costs of the electric vehicles and the hydrogen vehicles as they are not manufactured in ver y large scale and hence no proper estimation could be made about their future production numbers.Thus, this report takes into consideration that the large scale production of the electric vehicles will start by the year 2020 and the production of the hydrogen vehicles will take place on a large scale by the year 2030. When the electric vehicles and the hydrogen vehicles will be produced on a large scale then they will converge to the price of the internal combustion engine cars. Since the batteries and the fuel cell in the electric cars and the hydrogen cars are very costly and the drive chain of the hydrogen cars is very complex thus, it can be said the costs of the hydrogen cars and the electric vehicles will be more than that of the internal combustion engines(Hellgren, 2007). Thus when the electric vehicles and the hydrogen cars are manufactured on a large scale it is estimated that the average cost of the electric vehicle per kilometer will reach around 0.34 and the per kilomet er of the hydrogen cars will reach around 0.35 by the year 2030. On doing a comparison of the drive train mechanism of the ICE, Hydrogen and the electric cars, it can be said that the possibility of wearing out in the drive train mechanism of the electric vehicle is very less as compared to the hydrogen cars and the internal combustion engine cars, as there are less moving components in the drive train mechanism of the electric vehicle. Hence it can be estimated that the maintenance of the electric vehicle will cost less when compared to the ICE cars and the cars running on hydrogen fuel. Design and technologies There is huge potential in the development of the energy, economic and the environment security of the country through the development of the electric vehicles especially the plug in electric cars, which will completely revolutionize the transportation system in the world in the coming years(Hellgren, 2007). The plugs in electric vehicle are those electric cars which generally have lithium ion batteries that can be recharged from an external electrical source like the wall sockets and the electricity which are stored in the rechargeable battery drives. The electric car generally uses the energy stored in the batteries to drive the propulsion system of the vehicle. In respect to the ICE cars the motors of the electric cars provide a clean and safe alternative. The electric vehicle generally uses the lithium ion batteries to drive the propulsion system of the vehicle. The main reason behind the use of the lithium ion battery is that it has high energy density and have longer span of li fe. Also the lithium ion batteries generally have the higher power densities with respect to the other batteries that are available. But there are high chances of the thermal breakdown and the high cost that are associated with the lithium ion batteries, thus these batteries have to be used in safe rage of temperatures and the voltage in order so that the vehicle can be operated efficiently and safely(Helmers, Dietz, Hartard, 2015).Generally in the electric the 3 phase AC motor is used. The DC current generated from the lithium ion batteries is sent to the DC/SC inverter, which convert the DC current into the alternating current. The regenerative braking system is generally used in the modern electric cars where the motors can be utilized as brakes which in turn become generators that transform the motion of the vehicle into electrical energy that can be utilized to charge up the batteries of the car(Helmers, Dietz, Hartard, 2015).In order to increase the efficiency of the electric vehicles it is important that the mass of the vehicle, aerodynamic resistance and the resistance due to rolling is minimized. On the other hand it is also important to maximize the efficiency of the engine motor and the transmission system. Thus, in order to reduce the cost that are associated with the expensive batteries used in the electric vehicles the efficiency of the other systems in the vehicle has to be increased. Materials and manufacturing methods The skeleton also called the space frame of the electrical car is generally made up of the aluminum so that it is strong and has light weight. Instead of steel the wheels of the electric cars are also made up of aluminum, so that the weight of the vehicle can be reduced. Magnesium is used for making the seat frames and the steering wheel. The impact resistant plastics are used to make the body of the electric vehicle. The impact resistant composite plastic that is used in the manufacturing of the body frame can be recycled. Plastic housings are used for placing the batteries in the electric vehicle. The manufacturing process of the electric vehicle gives due importance to both the design of the vehicle and the process to be utilized. The design of the vehicle generally includes handcrafting and high-tech systems (Jeong Oh, 2002). In general practices the bodies of the electric cars are handcrafted in the six different working stations. In the first step the parts of the aluminum fram e are put together as subassemblies which are either glued to each other or are welded together. After both the upper-body and down-body subassemblies are put together, the complete frame is cured in a two-stage oven. Then the roof is attached and the protective sealants are applied to the complete frame. In the assembly section the complex electronic systems are inserted into the frame of the car. It includes wiring of the body and the setting up of the power electronics bay which have the propulsion control module, integrated drive unit and a small radiator. Then in the next stage the interior of the car is outfitted, like the flooring, seats, carpeting and the control and the dash are placed in the car.In the third stage the air-conditioning system is put in place. Then the T-shaped battery pack is added to the car (Lu et al., 2016). The batteries are attached to the chassis. After the battery and the propulsion system are put in place the windshield is attached to the car and th e other fluids are added to the car. The door system and the exterior panels are added at this stage and all the systems are checked for any malfunctioning. At the final stage the alignment of the car wheels and checked and the necessary adjustments are made. Suitable specification of electric cars The technical specification of the electric car is that the electric car is generally a two door hatchback which has the seating capacity of four adults. The power of the Ac electric motor is around 19KW which produces 3750rpm and gives a torque of 53.9N-m. The battery that is used in the electric vehicle is the 48V maintenance free lithium ion battery and the steering mechanism used in the vehicle is the electric powered steering. The transmission of the vehicle is fully automatic. The front suspension is the gas filled suspension with the anti roll bar mechanism and the rear suspension is the trail link suspension in which the shock absorber is gas filled along with the coil spring over Damper and the Panhard rod(SuriOnori, 2016). The front breaks are disc break with the dimension of 215 mm x 10 mm Solid and the rear brakes are drum brakes of 180mm. The tubeless tyres will be used in the car. The dimension of the car will be around 3280 mm x 1514 mm x 1560 mm and the wheelbase of t he electric car will about 1960mm. The vehicle will have a ground clearance of 180mm and the turning radius of the vehicle will be about 3.9m. The kerb weight of the vehicle will be about 830Kgs. The Body frame of the car will be of welded tubular space frame structure and the panels and bumpers color impregnated and the dent resistance body panel. The vehicle will have the top speed about 81Km/hre and the complete range of the vehicle in one charge will be about 120Kms under city driving conditions. The car will take about 5 hours to get charge completely. Cost management Electric vehicle cost can be subdivided into two parts. one of them is capital cost and the other is long term cost. Capital cost means the purchase price of the electric vehicle, here the MSRP of the vehicle is used as the base price and the long term cost describes fueling and maintenance of the electric vehicle.For its characteristic technologies, the price of electric vehicle is higher than combustion engines cars(Xiao, Lin, Zheng, Ye, 2012). For an example the MSRP for the combustion 2014 Chevrolet Spark18 is $14,995 while the base price for the Electric Vehicle of the same car is almost double the price, at $26,685.The huge difference in price of electric vehicle due to its 21-kWh Li-ion battery pack. It is hopeful that battery price may reduce over 50% in the upcoming years. A recent report from Navigant Research suggests that prices may drop to $300/kWh by 2015, and $180/kWh by 2020 (Roth, 2004).It is very urgent to reduce the capital cost for more acceptability.Whereas capi tal cost is very high but considering the long term cost is a hopeful light to the electric vehicle. This price difference in long term cost between electric vehicle and combustion engines happens because maintenance cost is fewer than combustion engines as there are a very few parts are moving in electric vehicles than the combustion engines. Maintenance requirements The main advantage of the electric vehicle is that the moving parts in the electric vehicle are very less as compared to the ICE cars.Thus, there will less chances of wearing out cases. The motor of the electric motor generally have just 15-20 moving parts on the contrary the ICE car engines have more than 100 moving parts. Thus, it can be concluded that the motor car is simple and can be easily maintained or replaced. As per the various estimates the cost of the maintenance of the electric vehicle will be just one third to that of the conventional ICE cars. But one of the main area which is needed to be taken into consideration for the maintenance of the electric car is the battery used in the car. With time the power output of the batteries used to drive the motor of the electric car reduces and this can severely affect the range of the electric vehicle. On an average the lithium ion batteries used in the electric cars can run about one lakh thousand miles. But the cost associated with the replacement of the batteries used in electric cars will be very high if there is an increase in the demand of the electric cars then large scale production of the batteries can considerably bring down the cost associated with the batteries of the electric cars. Life cycle cost/process and Recycling process Taking into consideration the total calculated costs that are related to the cot per mile of passenger cars which are run battery and the conventional ICE cars, along with the costs that are associated with the various important parameters than it can be said that the electric cars have very less life cycle cost when compared to the conventional ICE cars. The reason behind this feature is that the battery cost per mile in the electric vehicle is completely balanced lower vehicle cost per mile of the electric vehicle (Marr Walsh, 1992). Another reason can be the lower fuel consumption of the electric cars as compared to the conventional ICE cars and the either very less or no requirement of maintenance of the cars. The recycling of the batteries that are used in the electric vehicle is very much possible. About 96 percent of the materials that are used in the lead acid batteries can be recovered where as only 36% of the materials from the glass bottles is recoverable. The batteries can also be recharged and reused before they are recycled. The lithium ion batteries that are deemed unfit for use in the electric cars still have about 80 percent of their charge left which can be utilized to prop up the grid particularly in case of the sources of energy which are not steady like that of the wind and solar energy sources. Various battery recycling plants have come up in US among which TOXCO is a big player. Popular electric car manufacturer TESLA also sends its batteries to TOXCO for recycling(SuriOnori, 2016). When there are no charges are left in the batteries than the batteries are frozen in the liquid nitrogen which are so cold that the battery could not react and the batteries are then smashed into small pieces. Then the metals are separated out for their reuse. Conclusion and Recommendations If the progress in the electric cars continues as expected, then in the coming years it will be possible to have electric cars that are lightweight and have efficient electric motors. For making the electric car financially viable it will be important that the electric car fulfills all the low cost projections such that the life cycle cost associated with the electric vehicles is less as compared to the conventional electric vehicles. References Bi, Z., De Kleine, R., Keoleian, G. (2016). Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing Plug-in versus Wireless Charging for an Electric Bus System.Journal Of Industrial Ecology, n/a-n/a. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12419 Conte, M., Genovese, A., Ortenzi, F., Vellucci, F. (2014). 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